![宏源证券 三、封建社会 III. Feudal Society 第一课 第一节 Lesson 1 Section 1 [高考政治必修一基础知识]](/uploads/allimg/260606/06114951010YJ.jpg)
第一课 第一节 Lesson 1 Section 1
三、封建社会 III. Feudal Society
李宏 湖北十堰市郧阳中学
Li Hong Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province
1.封建制生产关系的特点：
Characteristics of Feudal Relations of Production:
（1）地主占有绝大部分土地，通过地租等方式，占有农民大部分劳动成果。
Landlords owned the vast majority of land, exploiting peasants through land rent and appropriating most of their labor output.
展开剩余90%（2）农民有一定的人身自由，有自己的劳动工具甚至少量土地。
Peasants possessed limited personal freedom and owned their own tools of production, with some even holding small plots of land.
（3）劳动成果除地租外，还能留下一部分归自己支配。
After paying rent, peasants retained partial control over surplus products for self-subsistence or market exchange
2.封建土地所有制是地主阶级剥削农民的基础。收取地租是地主阶级剥削农民的主要方式。
Feudal land ownership constitutes the foundation of the landlord class's exploitation of peasants. Collecting land rent serves as the primary method of this exploitation.
地主阶级利用高利贷，强迫农民缴纳苛捐杂税、从事各种徭役来剥削农民。
Landlords further exploit peasants through usury, coercive imposition of exorbitant taxes and levies, and forced conscription into corvée labor.
东西方制度差异
Institutional Differences Between East and West
中国地主制：
Chinese Landlord System
农民可退租/转佃（明《租佃契约》载“不愿耕作即退田”）
政府干预地租率（清雍正“永不加赋”抑制地主盘剥）
Tenancy Flexibility: Peasants could terminate or transfer tenancy rights (Ming Dynasty Tenancy Contracts stipulated: "Refusal to cultivate warrants land return").
Government Rent Control: Authorities intervened in rent rates (e.g., Qing Yongzheng Emperor’s "permanent tax freeze" policy to curb landlord exploitation).
西欧领主制：
Western European Lord System
土地不可流通（采邑世袭，农民无买卖权）
人身依附强化（如1549年英国《流浪者法》禁止农奴离乡）
Land Non-Tradability: Fiefs were hereditary; peasants had no right to buy/sell land.
Strengthened Personal Bondage: Laws enforced serfdom (e.g., England’s 1549 Vagrancy Laws prohibited serfs from leaving manors).
3. 封建国家的显著特征
Defining Features of Feudal States
封建国家的核心特征体现为君主专制和森严的等级制度。为维护统治，地主阶级通过以下手段强化思想控制：
Core Characteristics
The feudal state was fundamentally characterized by monarchical autocracy and a rigid social hierarchy. To consolidate power, the landlord class enforced ideological control through:
宣扬封建迷信（如"天命论"）
推行儒家伦理（如"三纲五常"）
鼓吹君权神授（如周代"以德配天"理论）
以此压制劳动阶级的异议，确保意识形态的服从性。
Promoting feudal superstitions (e.g., the "Mandate of Heaven" theory).
Enforcing Confucian ethics (e.g., the "Three Cardinal Guides and Five Constant Virtue.
Advocating divine legitimacy of monarchy (e.g., the Zhou Dynasty's "virtue matching heaven's mandate" doctrine.
These mechanisms suppressed dissent and manipulating ideological conformity among laborers.
4. 封建社会的主要矛盾
Primary Contradiction in Feudal Society
农民阶级与地主阶级之间的矛盾构成封建社会的根本冲突，其根源在于：
The contradiction between the peasantry and the landlord class constitutes the fundamental conflict in feudal society, rooted in:
土地剥削关系：地主垄断土地，通过地租（实物/劳役）侵占农民剩余劳动；
Land Exploitation Relations: Landlords monopolized land ownership, expropriating peasants' surplus labor through rent (in kind or labor).
政治压迫机制：国家机器（法律、税收、徭役）维护地主阶级特权。
Political Oppression Mechanisms: The state apparatus (laws, taxes, corvée labor) safeguarded the privileges of the landlord class.
5. 农民阶级的反抗形式Forms of Peasant Resistance
反抗类型Type of Resistance
①日常抵抗Everyday Resistance
具体表现Specific Manifestations:
逃税、消极怠工、破坏工具
Tax evasion, work slowdowns, tool sabotage
历史案例与局限性
Historical Cases and Limitations
普遍但分散，难以动摇制度根基
Widespread yet fragmented; insufficient to disrupt systemic foundations.
②组织化起义Organized Uprisings
具体表现Specific Manifestations:
大规模武装暴动
Large-scale armed revolts
历史案例与局限性 Historical Cases and Limitations
黄巾起义（东汉）：因缺乏统一纲领失败；
Yellow Turban Revolt(Eastern Han): Failed due to lack of unified political vision.
太平天国（清）：受内部腐败与外力镇压瓦解
Taiping Rebellion (Qing): Collapsed under internal corruption and external suppression.
6.生产力发展表现Advances in Productive Forces
农业：铁制农具广泛普及；采用轮作等先进耕作技术。
Agriculture：Widespread use of iron tools; advanced techniques like crop rotation.
水利管理：国家主导水利工程（如都江堰），显著提升农业产量。
Water Management：State-led irrigation projects (e.g., Dujiangyan) boosting yields.
手工业：冶铁业成为主导产业，实现工具与武器的规模化生产。
Handicrafts：Iron smelting dominated industry; tools/weapons mass-produced.
商业：城市贸易中心兴起（如唐代长安）；货币化进程加速（如宋代纸币的发明与应用）。
Commerce：Urban trade hubs (e.g., Tang-era Chang'an); monetization (e.g., Song paper money).
Explorer of Innovative Thinking
Author: Li Hong
Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province
February 28, 2026
发布于：湖北省启牛配资提示：文章来自网络，不代表本站观点。
